@article {Ivorra2010,
	title = {{Electrical modeling of the influence of medium conductivity on electroporation.}},
	journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP},
	volume = {12},
	number = {34},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {10055{\textendash}64},
	abstract = {<p>Electroporation is the phenomenon in which cell membrane permeability is increased by exposing the cell to short high electric field pulses. Experimental data show that the amount of permeabilization depends on the conductivity of the extracellular medium. If medium conductivity decreases then it is necessary to deliver a pulse of larger field amplitude in order to achieve the same effect. Models that do not take into account the permeabilization effect on the membrane conductivity cannot reproduce qualitatively the experimental observations. Here we employ an exponential function for describing the strong dependence of membrane conductivity on transmembrane potential. Combining that model with numerical methods we demonstrate that the dependence on medium conductivity can be explained as being the result of increased membrane conductance due to electroporation. As experimentally observed, extracellular conductivities of about 1 and 0.1 S m(-1) yield very similar results, however, for lower conductivities (\&lt;0.01 S m(-1)) the model predicts that significantly higher field magnitudes will be required to achieve the same amount of permeabilization.</p>
},
	keywords = {Biological, Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane Permeability, Cell Membrane: metabolism, Diffusion, Electric Conductivity, Electroporation, Membrane Potentials, Models, Reproducibility of Results},
	issn = {1463-9084},
	doi = {10.1039/c004419a},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20585676},
	author = {Antoni Ivorra and J. Villemejane and L.M. Mir}
}
@inbook {Silve2010,
	title = {{Nanosecond pulsed electric field delivery to biological samples: difficulties and potential solutions}},
	booktitle = {Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {353{\textendash}370},
	abstract = {<p>In this chapter we discuss particular features of the nanosecond electric pulsed fields (nsPEFs) that must be taken into account when experimenting on their delivery to biological samples. The purpose of the chapter is to provide future users of this technology with some advice on how to correctly apply it. It is first analyzed how propagation related phenomena can impact on the actual electric field pulse that is applied to the sample. In particular, it is shown that impedance matching for the exposure chamber will be a key element. It is then proposed to employ monitoring systems for voltage and current signals and some indications about their use and limitations are given. Finally, the electrochemical and thermal consequences of nsPEFs delivery are also discussed. We conclude that only excellent experimental conditions can result in robust, controlled and reproducible data on the nsPEFs biological effects.</p>
},
	keywords = {breakdown of dielectric, electrochemical reactions, impedance, matching, materials, monitoring, nanosecond electric pulses, thermal effects, transmission line, waves propagation},
	isbn = {978-1-439-81906-7},
	author = {Aude Silve and J. Villemejane and Joubert, V. and Antoni Ivorra and L.M. Mir}
}
