@article {245, title = {Angiographic and histological characterization of PFA-induced coronary spasm: Differential effect of two waveforms}, journal = {Heart Rhythm}, volume = {(In Press, Journal Pre-proof)}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2026.03.1904}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2026.03.1904}, author = {Gerard Amor{\'o}s-Figueras and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Sergi Casabella-Ramon and Marc Soriano-Amores and {\'A}lvaro Borachok and del Pino, Pablo and Zoraida Moreno-Weidmann and Antoni Ivorra and Jose M. Guerra} } @article {240, title = {The Biomedical Engineer{\textquoteright}s Pledge: Overview and Context}, journal = {Medical \& Biological Engineering \& Computing}, volume = {(Published online)}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.1007/s11517-025-03443-6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-025-03443-6}, author = {Antoni Ivorra and Txetxu Aus{\'\i}n and Laura Becerra-Fajardo and del Ama, Antonio J. and Jesus Minguillon and Aracelys Garc{\'\i}a-Moreno and Jordi Aguil{\'o} and Filipe O. Barroso and Bijnens, Bart and Oscar Camara and Sara Capdevila and Castellanos-Fernandez, Roger and Rafael Davalos and Jean-Louis Divoux and Ahmed Eladly and Dario Farina and Garc{\'\i}a-Hombravella, Carla and Gonz{\'a}lez-L{\'o}pez, Raquel and C{\'e}sar Gonz{\'a}lez and Jordi Gr{\'\i}fols and Felipe Maglietti and Shahid Malik and Elad Maor and Guillermo Marshall and Mateu-Yus, Berta and Lluis M. Mir and Moreno, Juan C. and Xavier Navarro and N{\'u}ria Noguera and Andr{\'e}s Ozaita and Gemma Piella and Pons, Jos{\'e} Luis and Rita Quesada and Pilar Rivera-Gil and Boris Rubinsky and Ruiz-Garcia, Aurelio and Ruiz-Vargas, Albert and S{\'a}nchez-S{\'a}nchez, Maria and Andreas Schneider and Ting Shu and Villa-Sanz, Rosa and Bing Zhang and Gema Revuelta} } @article {237, title = {Joule heating in pores during electroporation is insufficient to disrupt the cell membrane}, journal = {Bioelectricity}, volume = {(accepted)}, year = {2025}, author = {Ting Shu and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {228, title = {Effects of Contact Force on Lesion Size During Pulsed Field Catheter Ablation: Histochemical Characterization of Ventricular Lesion Boundaries}, journal = {Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology}, volume = {17}, year = {2024}, pages = {e012026}, chapter = {e012026}, doi = {10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012026}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012026}, author = {Hiroshi Nakagawa and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Robert Neal and Steven Girouard and Jacob Laughner and Atsushi Ikeda and Masafumi Sugawara and Yoshimori An and Hussein, Ayman A. and Shady Nakhla and Tyler Taigen and Jakub Srounbek and Mohamed Kanj and Pasquale Santangeli and Walid I. Saliba and Antoni Ivorra and Oussama M. Wazni} } @article {227, title = {First-in-human demonstration of floating EMG sensors and stimulators wirelessly powered and operated by volume conduction}, journal = {Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation}, volume = {21}, year = {2024}, pages = {4}, chapter = {4}, doi = {10.1186/s12984-023-01295-5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-023-01295-5}, author = {Laura Becerra-Fajardo and Jesus Minguillon and Krob, Marc O. and Camila Rogrigues and Miguel Gonz{\'a}lez-S{\'a}nchez and {\'A}lvaro Meg{\'\i}a-Garc{\'\i}a and Redondo Gal{\'a}n, Carolina and Guiti{\'e}rrez Henares, Francisco and Albert Comerma and del Ama, Antonio J. and {\'A}ngel Gil-Agudo and Francisco Grandas and Andreas Schneider and Filipe O. Barroso and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {213, title = {Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation acutely modulates brain connectivity in mice}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, pages = {856855}, chapter = {856855}, doi = {10.3389/fncel.2022.856855}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2022.856855/abstract}, author = {Cecilia Brambilla-Pisoni and Emma Mu{\~n}oz-Moreno and Ianire Gallego-Amaro and Rafael Maldonado and Antoni Ivorra and Guadalupe Soria and Andr{\'e}s Ozaita} } @article {214, title = {Floating EMG Sensors and Stimulators Wirelessly Powered and Operated by Volume Conduction for Networked Neuroprosthetics}, journal = {Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation}, volume = {19}, year = {2022}, pages = {57}, chapter = {57}, doi = {10.1186/s12984-022-01033-3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-022-01033-3}, author = {Laura Becerra-Fajardo and Krob, Marc O. and Jesus Minguillon and Camila Rogrigues and Christine Welsch and Marc Tudela-Pi and Albert Comerma and Filipe O. Barroso and Andreas Schneider and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {224, title = {PIRET {\textemdash} A Platform for Treatment Planning in Electroporation-Based Therapies}, journal = {Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {(Accepted)}, year = {2022}, author = {Enric Perera-Bel and Kenneth N. Aycock and Zaid Salameh and Mario G{\'o}mez-Barea and Rafael Davalos and Antoni Ivorra and Miguel A. Gonz{\'a}lez-Ballester} } @article {206, title = {Comparing High-Frequency With Monophasic Electroporation Protocols in an In Vivo Beating Heart Model}, journal = {JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, pages = {959-964}, chapter = {959}, doi = {10.1016/j.jacep.2021.05.003}, author = {Eyal Heller and Tomas Garcia-Sanchez and Yonatan Moshkovits and Raul Rabinovici and Dvora Grynberg and Amit Segev and Samuel Asirvatham and Antoni Ivorra and Elad Maor} } @article {192, title = {GaN-Based Versatile Waveform Generator for Biomedical Applications of Electroporation}, journal = {IEEE Access}, volume = {(Early Access)}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2996426}, author = {H{\'e}ctor Sarnago and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o and Tomas Garcia-Sanchez and Lluis M. Mir and Ignacio {\'A}lvarez-Gariburo and {\'O}scar Luc{\'\i}a} } @article {188, title = {In vitro study on the mechanisms of action of electrolytic electroporation (E2)}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry}, volume = {133}, year = {2020}, pages = {107482}, chapter = {107482}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107482}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107482}, author = {Nina Klein and Borja Mercadal and Michael Stehling and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {180, title = {The combination of electroporation and electrolysis (E2) employing different electrode arrays for ablation of large tissue volumes}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {14}, year = {2019}, pages = {e0221393}, chapter = {e0221393}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0221393}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221393}, author = {Nina Klein and Enric Guenther and Florin Botea and Mihail Pautov and Simona Dima and Dana Tomescu and Mihai Popescu and Antoni Ivorra and Michael Stehling and Irinel Popescu} } @article {186, title = {Industrial Electronics for Biomedicine: A New Cancer Treatment Using Electroporation}, journal = {IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine}, volume = {13}, year = {2019}, pages = {6-18}, chapter = {6}, doi = {10.1109/MIE.2019.2942377}, author = {{\'O}scar Luc{\'\i}a and H{\'e}ctor Sarnago and Tomas Garcia-Sanchez and Lluis M. Mir and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o} } @article {179, title = {Successful tumor Electrochemotherapy using Sine Waves}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {67}, year = {2019}, pages = {1040-1049}, chapter = {1040}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2019.2928645}, author = {Tomas Garcia-Sanchez and Borja Mercadal and Melanie Polrot and Adeline Muscat and H{\'e}ctor Sarnago and {\'O}scar Luc{\'\i}a and Lluis M. Mir} } @article {171, title = {Irreversible electroporation for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias}, journal = {Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy}, volume = {16}, year = {2018}, pages = {349-360 }, chapter = {349}, doi = {10.1080/14779072.2018.1459185}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14779072.2018.1459185}, author = {Alan Sugrue and Elad Maor and Antoni Ivorra and Vaibhav Vaidya and Chance Witt and Suraj Kapa and Samuel Asirvatham} } @article {161, title = {Modeling Liver Electrical Conductivity during Hypertonic Injection}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {34}, year = {2018}, pages = {e2904}, chapter = {e2904}, doi = {10.1002/cnm.2904}, author = {Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Xavier Moll and Berjano, Enrique and Andaluz, Anna and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando and Bijnens, Bart and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {153, title = {Anatomically Realistic Simulations of Liver Ablation by Irreversible Electroporation: Impact of Blood Vessels on Ablation Volumes and Undertreatment}, journal = {Technology in Cancer Research \& Treatment}, volume = {[Epub ahead of print]}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1177/1533034616687477}, author = {Radwan Qasrawi and Louis Silve and Fernando Burd{\'\i}o and Ziad Abdeen and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {152, title = {Demonstration of 2 mm thick microcontrolled injectable stimulators based on rectification of high frequency current bursts}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering}, volume = {25}, year = {2017}, pages = {1343 - 1352}, chapter = {1343}, doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2623483}, author = {Laura Becerra-Fajardo and Marieluise Schmidbauer and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {220, title = {Electronic System Having Variable Modular Power for Generating Electrical Pulses and Associated Uses}, year = {2017}, edition = {A61N1/32}, chapter = {WO 2017/109261 A1 }, author = {H{\'e}ctor Sarnago and {\'O}scar Luc{\'\i}a and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o and Alejandro Naval and Antoni Ivorra and Q. Castellv{\'\i}} } @article {166, title = {Focused Transhepatic Electroporation Mediated by Hypersaline Infusion throuth the Portal Vein in Rat Model. Preliminary Results on Differential Conductivity}, journal = {Radiology and Oncology}, volume = {51}, year = {2017}, pages = {415-421}, chapter = {415}, author = {Clara Pa{\~n}ella and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Xavier Moll and Rita Quesada and Alberto Villanueva and M. Iglesias and Dolores Naranjo and Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Andaluz, Anna and Luis Grande and Antoni Ivorra and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando} } @article {158, title = {Long-term effectiveness of irreversible electroporation in a murine model of colorectal liver metastasis}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2017}, chapter = {44821}, doi = {10.1038/srep44821}, author = {Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Alberto Villanueva and M. Iglesias and Rita Quesada and Clara Pa{\~n}ella and Marta C{\'a}ceres and Dimitri Dorcaratto and Andaluz, Anna and Xavier Moll and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o and Luis Grande and Antoni Ivorra and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando} } @conference {146, title = {Incorporation of the Blood Vessel Wall into Electroporation Simulations}, booktitle = {1st World Congress on Electroporation and Pulsed Electric Fields in Biology, Medicine and Food \& Environmental Technologies}, series = {IFMBE Proceedings}, volume = {53}, year = {2016}, pages = {223-227}, publisher = {Springer Singapore}, organization = {Springer Singapore}, keywords = {Blood vessel, Blood vessel wall, Electric field, Electroporation, Simulation}, isbn = {978-981-287-816-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-817-5_50}, author = {Louis Silve and Radwan Qasrawi and Antoni Ivorra}, editor = {Jarm, Tomaz and Kramar, Peter} } @article {150, title = {Irreversible electroporation of the liver: is there a safe limit to the ablation volume?}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {23781}, doi = {10.1038/srep23781}, author = {Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Alberto Villanueva and Rita Quesada and Clara Pa{\~n}ella and Marta C{\'a}ceres and Dimitri Dorcaratto and Andaluz, Anna and Xavier Moll and Trujillo, Macarena and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o and Berjano, Enrique and Luis Grande and Antoni Ivorra and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando} } @article {149, title = {A Versatile Multilevel Converter Platform for Cancer Treatment Using Irreversible Electroporation}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {236 - 242}, chapter = {236}, issn = {2168-6777}, doi = {10.1109/JESTPE.2015.2512324}, author = {H{\'e}ctor Sarnago and {\'O}scar Luc{\'\i}a and Alejandro Naval and Jos{\'e} M. Burd{\'\i}o and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Antoni Ivorra} } @conference {133, title = {Selective Electroporation of Liver Tumor Nodules by Means of Hypersaline Infusion: A Feasibility Study}, booktitle = {6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering}, series = {IFMBE Proceedings}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, pages = {821-824}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, abstract = {

Spread tumors in liver are not suitable to be treated with local treatments, such as conventional surgery or radiofrequency ablation, thus entailing a poor prognosis. Electroporation-based therapies imply the delivery of pulsed high electric fields and currently are performed in a local fashion using needle or plate electrodes. Here, however, it is proposed a novel electroporation paradigm in which field delivery is not local. All the tumor nodules will be selectively treated using large plate electrodes at both sides of the liver. By infusing an hypersaline solution of high electrical conductivity through the portal vein, the electrical conductivity of healthy tissues and tumor nodules will be made significantly different so that the electric field will be focused on the undesirable tissues. Numerical simulations were used to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed technique. In addition, an in vivo procedure was carried out to assess whether it is possible and practical to significantly modify the conductivity of the liver tissue by hypersaline infusion. Both the numerical simulations and the in vivo procedure provided encouraging results.

}, keywords = {Disseminated nodules, Electroporation, Hypersaline, Liver, Spread tumors}, isbn = {978-3-319-11127-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11128-5_204}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11128-5_204}, author = {Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Berjano, Enrique and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando and Antoni Ivorra} } @article {141, title = {Comparison of the effects of the repetition rate between microsecond and nanosecond pulses: Electropermeabilization-induced electro-desensitization?}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects}, volume = {1840}, year = {2014}, pages = {2139 - 2151}, keywords = {Electroporation}, issn = {0304-4165}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416514000725}, author = {Aude Silve and A. Guimer{\`a} Brunet and B. Al-Sakere and Antoni Ivorra and L.M. Mir} } @article {Trujillo2013, title = {{Can electroporation previous to radiofrequency hepatic ablation enlarge thermal lesion size? A feasibility study based on theoretical modelling and in vivo experiments.}}, journal = {International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {211{\textendash}8. {\textcopyright} 2013 Informa UK Ltd.}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a hybrid ablative technique based on applying electroporation (EP) pulses just before conducting radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The rationale was that the EP-induced reduction in blood perfusion could be sufficient to reduce the thermal sink effect and hence to increase the coagulation volume in comparison to that created exclusively by RFA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modelling study and in vivo experimental study were used. A Cool-tip RF applicator was used both for EP and RFA. RESULTS: Overall, the results did not show any synergy effect from using the hybrid technique. Applying EP pulses prior to RFA did not increase the coagulation zone obtained and the lesions were almost identical. Additional computer simulations provided an explanation for this; the effect of reducing blood perfusion by thermal damage during RFA completely masks the effect of reducing blood perfusion by EP. This is because both thermal damage and EP affect the same zone, i.e. the tissue around the electrode. CONCLUSIONS: Our computer modelling and in vivo experimental findings suggest that the combination of EP and RFA with monopolar applicators does not provide an additional benefit over the use of RFA alone.

}, keywords = {Animals, Catheter Ablation, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer Simulation, Electroporation, Feasibility Studies, Female, Liver, Liver: surgery, Models, Swine, Theoretical}, issn = {1464-5157}, doi = {10.3109/02656736.2013.777854}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573935}, author = {Trujillo, Macarena and Q. Castellv{\'\i} and Burd{\'\i}o, Fernando and Patricia S{\'a}nchez-Vel{\'a}zquez and Antoni Ivorra and Andaluz, Anna and Berjano, Enrique} } @conference {Ivorra2012, title = {{Injectable Rectifiers as Microdevices for Remote Electrical Stimulation: an Alternative to Inductive Coupling}}, booktitle = {World Congress 2012 on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering}, year = {2012}, pages = {1581{\textendash}1584}, address = {Beijing, China}, abstract = {

Miniaturization of implantable medical electronic devices is currently compromised by the available means for electrically powering them. Most common energy supply techniques for implants {\textendash} batteries and inductive couplers {\textendash} comprise bulky parts which, in most cases, are significantly larger than the circuitry they feed. For overcoming such miniaturization bottleneck in the case of implants for electrical stimulation, we recently proposed and demonstrated a method based on making the implants operate as rectifiers of bursts of high frequency current supplied by remote electrodes. In this way, low frequency current is generated locally around the implant and this low frequency current performs stimulation of excitable tissues whereas the high frequency current only causes innocuous heating. The present paper reports further progress in this technology. We first describe construction and functional test of an injectable stimulator consisting of a single miniature diode (300 m {\texttimes} 300 m {\texttimes} 600 m) and two thin electrodes which is implanted trough a 19G needle into an anesthetized earthworm. We then propose a circuit architecture for implementing smart implants based on this technology. Both accomplishments are steps towards the implementation of injectable addressable microsystems for neuroprosthetics. These systems based on the proposed technology will look like short pieces of flexible thread rather than rigid capsules, as it was the case of previous miniature electrical stimulation implants. With currently available microelectronic techniques, very thin stimulation implants (diameter \< 200 m) are easily conceivable. This technology may be foundational to a broad range of new developments in the field of implantable medical devices with applications ranging from wound healing to nerve stimulation for pain relief. In addition, other non-medical devices could also emerge such as implantable identification devices.

}, keywords = {Electrical Stimulation, Implantable Devices, Microsystems, Neuroprosthetics, Rectifiers}, author = {Antoni Ivorra and Sacrist{\'a}n, J. and Baldi, A.} } @article {Jose2012, title = {{Irreversible electroporation shows efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma without systemic toxicity in mouse models.}}, journal = {Cancer letters}, volume = {317}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {16{\textendash}23}, abstract = {

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapies show limited success. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative loco-regional therapy in which high-voltage pulses are applied to induce plasma membrane defects leading to cellular death. In the present study we evaluated the feasibility of IRE against PDAC. IRE treatment exhibited significant antitumor effects and prolonged survival in mice with orthotopic xenografts. Extensive tumor necrosis, reduced tumor cell proliferation and disruption of microvessels were observed at different days post-IRE. Animals had transient increases in transaminases, amylase and lipase enzymes that normalized at 24h post-IRE. These results suggest that IRE could be an effective treatment for locally advanced pancreatic tumors.

}, keywords = {Alanine Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase: blood, Amylases, Amylases: blood, Animals, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Aspartate Aminotransferases: blood, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose: metabolism, Carcinoma, Cell Line, Cell Proliferation, Electrochemotherapy, Electrochemotherapy: adverse effects, Feasibility Studies, Genes, Humans, Lipase, Lipase: blood, Luminescent Measurements, Male, Mice, Microvessels, Microvessels: pathology, Necrosis, Nude, Pancreatic Ductal, Pancreatic Ductal: blood, Pancreatic Ductal: blood supply, Pancreatic Ductal: genetics, Pancreatic Ductal: pathology, Pancreatic Ductal: therapy, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Pancreatic Neoplasms: blood, Pancreatic Neoplasms: blood supply, Pancreatic Neoplasms: genetics, Pancreatic Neoplasms: pathology, Pancreatic Neoplasms: therapy, Reporter, Time Factors, Transfection, Tumor, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays}, issn = {1872-7980}, doi = {10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079741}, author = {Jos{\'e}, Anabel and Sobrevals, Luciano and Antoni Ivorra and Fillat, Cristina} } @conference {Silve2011, title = {{Detection of permeabilisation obtained by micropulses and nanopulses by means of bioimpedance of biological tissues}}, booktitle = {5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP)}, year = {2011}, pages = {3164{\textendash}3167. {\textcopyright} 2011 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.}, address = {Rome, Italy}, abstract = {

In this paper permeabilisation of potato tissue caused by either microsecond electric pulses or nanosecond electric pulses is compared. The intensity of permeabilisation is quantified by means of bio-impedance change. Thanks to this method, the impact of the repetition frequency was investigated. Data show that very low repetition frequencies can be much more efficient to permeabilise.

}, author = {Aude Silve and Antoni Ivorra and L.M. Mir} } @article {Laufer2010, title = {{Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue.}}, journal = {Physiological measurement}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {995{\textendash}1009. {\textcopyright} 2010 Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited.}, abstract = {

The four-electrode method was used to measure the ex vivo complex electrical impedance of tissues from 14 hepatic tumors and the surrounding normal liver from six patients. Measurements were done in the frequency range 1-400 kHz. It was found that the conductivity of the tumor tissue was much higher than that of the normal liver tissue in this frequency range (from 0.14 +/- 0.06 S m(-1) versus 0.03 +/- 0.01 S m(-1) at 1 kHz to 0.25 +/- 0.06 S m(-1) versus 0.15 +/- 0.03 S m(-1) at 400 kHz). The Cole-Cole models were estimated from the experimental data and the four parameters (rho(0), rho(infinity), alpha, f(c)) were obtained using a least-squares fit algorithm. The Cole-Cole parameters for the cancerous and normal liver are 9 +/- 4 Omega m(-1), 2.2 +/- 0.7 Omega m(-1), 0.5 +/- 0.2, 140 +/- 103 kHz and 50 +/- 28 Omega m(-1), 3.2 +/- 0.6 Omega m(-1), 0.64 +/- 0.04, 10 +/- 7 kHz, respectively. These data can contribute to developing bioelectric applications for tissue diagnostics and in tissue treatment planning with electrical fields such as radiofrequency tissue ablation, electrochemotherapy and gene therapy with reversible electroporation, nanoscale pulsing and irreversible electroporation.

}, keywords = {80 and over, Adult, Aged, Electric Impedance, Electrodes, Female, Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Cirrhosis: pathology, Liver Neoplasms, Liver Neoplasms: pathology, Liver: pathology, Male, Middle Aged}, issn = {1361-6579}, doi = {10.1088/0967-3334/31/7/009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577035}, author = {Laufer, Shlomi and Antoni Ivorra and Reuter, Victor E and Boris Rubinsky and Solomon, Stephen B} } @inbook {Silve2010, title = {{Nanosecond pulsed electric field delivery to biological samples: difficulties and potential solutions}}, booktitle = {Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine}, year = {2010}, pages = {353{\textendash}370}, abstract = {

In this chapter we discuss particular features of the nanosecond electric pulsed fields (nsPEFs) that must be taken into account when experimenting on their delivery to biological samples. The purpose of the chapter is to provide future users of this technology with some advice on how to correctly apply it. It is first analyzed how propagation related phenomena can impact on the actual electric field pulse that is applied to the sample. In particular, it is shown that impedance matching for the exposure chamber will be a key element. It is then proposed to employ monitoring systems for voltage and current signals and some indications about their use and limitations are given. Finally, the electrochemical and thermal consequences of nsPEFs delivery are also discussed. We conclude that only excellent experimental conditions can result in robust, controlled and reproducible data on the nsPEFs biological effects.

}, keywords = {breakdown of dielectric, electrochemical reactions, impedance, matching, materials, monitoring, nanosecond electric pulses, thermal effects, transmission line, waves propagation}, isbn = {978-1-439-81906-7}, author = {Aude Silve and J. Villemejane and Joubert, V. and Antoni Ivorra and L.M. Mir} }