@conference {Ivorra2012,
	title = {{Injectable Rectifiers as Microdevices for Remote Electrical Stimulation: an Alternative to Inductive Coupling}},
	booktitle = {World Congress 2012 on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1581{\textendash}1584},
	address = {Beijing, China},
	abstract = {<p>Miniaturization of implantable medical electronic devices is currently compromised by the available means for electrically powering them. Most common energy supply techniques for implants {\textendash} batteries and inductive couplers {\textendash} comprise bulky parts which, in most cases, are significantly larger than the circuitry they feed. For overcoming such miniaturization bottleneck in the case of implants for electrical stimulation, we recently proposed and demonstrated a method based on making the implants operate as rectifiers of bursts of high frequency current supplied by remote electrodes. In this way, low frequency current is generated locally around the implant and this low frequency current performs stimulation of excitable tissues whereas the high frequency current only causes innocuous heating. The present paper reports further progress in this technology. We first describe construction and functional test of an injectable stimulator consisting of a single miniature diode (300 m {\texttimes} 300 m {\texttimes} 600 m) and two thin electrodes which is implanted trough a 19G needle into an anesthetized earthworm. We then propose a circuit architecture for implementing smart implants based on this technology. Both accomplishments are steps towards the implementation of injectable addressable microsystems for neuroprosthetics. These systems based on the proposed technology will look like short pieces of flexible thread rather than rigid capsules, as it was the case of previous miniature electrical stimulation implants. With currently available microelectronic techniques, very thin stimulation implants (diameter \&lt; 200 m) are easily conceivable. This technology may be foundational to a broad range of new developments in the field of implantable medical devices with applications ranging from wound healing to nerve stimulation for pain relief. In addition, other non-medical devices could also emerge such as implantable identification devices.</p>
},
	keywords = {Electrical Stimulation, Implantable Devices, Microsystems, Neuroprosthetics, Rectifiers},
	author = {Antoni Ivorra and Sacrist{\'a}n, J. and Baldi, A.}
}
