@article {Laufer2010,
	title = {{Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue.}},
	journal = {Physiological measurement},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {995{\textendash}1009. {\textcopyright} 2010 Institute of Physics  and IOP Publishing Limited.},
	abstract = {<p>The four-electrode method was used to measure the ex vivo complex electrical impedance of tissues from 14 hepatic tumors and the surrounding normal liver from six patients. Measurements were done in the frequency range 1-400 kHz. It was found that the conductivity of the tumor tissue was much higher than that of the normal liver tissue in this frequency range (from 0.14 +/- 0.06 S m(-1) versus 0.03 +/- 0.01 S m(-1) at 1 kHz to 0.25 +/- 0.06 S m(-1) versus 0.15 +/- 0.03 S m(-1) at 400 kHz). The Cole-Cole models were estimated from the experimental data and the four parameters (rho(0), rho(infinity), alpha, f(c)) were obtained using a least-squares fit algorithm. The Cole-Cole parameters for the cancerous and normal liver are 9 +/- 4 Omega m(-1), 2.2 +/- 0.7 Omega m(-1), 0.5 +/- 0.2, 140 +/- 103 kHz and 50 +/- 28 Omega m(-1), 3.2 +/- 0.6 Omega m(-1), 0.64 +/- 0.04, 10 +/- 7 kHz, respectively. These data can contribute to developing bioelectric applications for tissue diagnostics and in tissue treatment planning with electrical fields such as radiofrequency tissue ablation, electrochemotherapy and gene therapy with reversible electroporation, nanoscale pulsing and irreversible electroporation.</p>
},
	keywords = {80 and over, Adult, Aged, Electric Impedance, Electrodes, Female, Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Cirrhosis: pathology, Liver Neoplasms, Liver Neoplasms: pathology, Liver: pathology, Male, Middle Aged},
	issn = {1361-6579},
	doi = {10.1088/0967-3334/31/7/009},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577035},
	author = {Laufer, Shlomi and Antoni Ivorra and Reuter, Victor E and Boris Rubinsky and Solomon, Stephen B}
}
@article {Guimera2010,
	title = {{Non-invasive assessment of corneal endothelial permeability by means of electrical impedance measurements.}},
	journal = {Medical engineering \& physics},
	volume = {32},
	number = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1107{\textendash}15. {\textcopyright} 2010 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	abstract = {<p>The permeability of the corneal endothelial layer has an important role in the correct function of the cornea. Since ionic permeability has a fundamental impact on the passive electrical properties of living tissues, here it is hypothesized that impedance methods can be employed for assessing the permeability of the endothelial layer in a minimally invasive fashion. Precisely, the main objective of the present study is to develop and to analyze a minimally invasive method for assessing the electrical properties of the corneal endothelium, as a possible diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with endothelial dysfunction. A bidimensional model consisting of the main corneal layers and a four-electrode impedance measurement setup placed on the epithelium has been implemented and analyzed by means of the finite elements method (FEM). In order to obtain a robust indicator of the permeability of the endothelium layer, the effect of the endothelium electrical properties on the measured impedance has been studied together with reasonable variations of the other model layers. Simulation results show that the impedance measurements by means of external electrodes are indeed sufficiently sensitive to the changes in the electrical properties of the endothelial layer. It is concluded that the method presented here can be employed as non-invasive method for assessing endothelial layer function.</p>
},
	keywords = {Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering: methods, Corneal, Corneal: abnormalities, Corneal: metabolism, Corneal: pathology, Electric Impedance, Electric Impedance: diagnostic use, Endothelium, Finite Element Analysis, Humans, Permeability, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	issn = {1873-4030},
	doi = {10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.07.016},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832346},
	author = {A Guimera and Antoni Ivorra and Gabriel, G and R Villa}
}
